Everyone has heard the phrase, "Don't throw out the baby with the bath water." But do dog breeders ever stop to consider

how this admonition applies to them? Certainly not the novice who righteously declares that he will never, ever, keep anything

that has even the possibility of producing the smallest genetic defect. Not even the experienced breeder who refuses to

consider an otherwise excellent line because it sometimes throws cataracts. This tendency toward genetic over-kill not only

culls dogs that might have something to offer, it can exacerbate the very problems breeders are trying to avoid. The following

is a real life example of what can happen when breeders exercise short-sighted culling in the name of genetic disease control.
 
About twenty years ago, breeders of Basenjis launched a campaign to wipe out a fatal genetic disease called pyruvate kinase

deficient hemolytic anemia (HA). HA is caused by a recessive gene. Dogs with a single copy of the gene are healthy, but those

with two copies die. A screening test was developed that would indicate carriers as well as affected animals. Breeders

zealously screened their dogs, eliminating not only affected animals but the healthy carriers from the breeding population.
 
Today HA is rare in Basenjis, but the incidence of Progressive Retinal Atrophy is significantly higher. As is yet another fatal

disorder, a kidney problem called Fanconi's Disease. At the time, neither of these diseases had a screening test that would

indicate carriers. (A DNA test for Fanconi is now available.) Had breeders been less fanatical in their pursuit of HA, they might

have retained the healthy carriers in the breeding population, breeding them only to non-carriers so they could avoid producing

HA-affected puppies. By such a method they could have retained the good aspects of those carriers, including freedom from

genes for PRA or Fanconi, while gradually lowering the incidence of the HA gene. Now that a Fanconi test is available, they

can use this approach for that disease.
 
Fortunately for the Basenji, there is still a native population of the breed in Africa. The Basenji club prevailed upon the AKC

to allow them to re-open the stud book to admit some African-born Basenjis. This badly needed source of new genetic material

comes at great trouble and expense for those breeders who make the effort acquire one of these imports. This option isn't even

possible in some breeds, and even where it is, convincing a large registry like AKC to accept undocumented foreign imports

is itself a daunting task.
 
In spite of what happened with the Basenji, this should not be viewed as an indictment of screening tests. The problem wasn't

the HA test, but the drastic culling process that breeders undertook when using it. If there is a test which can identify carriers,

make use of it. Breeders need to know as much as possible about the genetic potential of their breeding stock. Ideally, they

should be willing to share the results, whether good or bad, with other breeders.
 
Knowledgeable dog people know there is no perfect dog. Even the best of them have faults. The faults are not only those

conformation or behavioral problems you can readily observe, but also bad genes. Dogs have at least 80,000 genes. No matter

how high the standards for selection of breeding stock or how strict the culling of offspring, every dog will have genes for

unwanted traits. Experts agree that every individual--be he dog, human or cauliflower--probably carries, three "lethal

equivalents." This may leave you wondering why we aren't seeing dogs and cauliflowers, not to mention each other, dropping

like flies all around us.
 
Under normal circumstances, lethal genes remain rare. Natural populations breed randomly, maintaining a varied mix of alleles,

or forms, of genes. Only occasionally will the right combination of bad alleles match up to produce an affected individual.

In addition, the lethal nature of these diseases limits the ability of affected animals to pass them on to their offspring because

affected individuals often don't live long enough to reproduce. But the breeding of purebred livestock, including dogs, is not

natural or random. It is selective based on the wants and needs of breeders. As a result, the number of lethal equivalents in

most breeds exceeds the average of three, the problem genes having been inadvertently concentrated through the standard

inbreeding practices used to maximize production of desired traits. Two examples in Australian Shepherds are Pelger-Huet

Anomaly and merle. Genes with lethal effects are only the tip of the iceberg. There are dozens, if not hundreds, of genes

whose effects are anywhere from minor to extremely bad.
 
Breeders routinely evaluate breeding stock by studying conformation and/or performance attributes in minute detail. Virtues

are weighed against faults, then compared to the virtues and faults of prospective mates. If the overall analysis is positive,

the breeder will proceed. Hereditary diseases and defects need to be given the same kind of consideration, in and of

themselves and in combination with all the dog's other traits.

Some faults are severe enough to eliminate a dog from breeding consideration entirely, but even genetic defects and disease

may not necessarily fall into this category, in some circumstances. Remember the case of the Basenjis and HA. Dogs proven

to be carriers of traits in which only homozygotes (those with two copies of the gene) are affected, can be used if care is taken

never to mate one carrier to another and not to use them extensively.
 
If the mode of inheritance for a trait is unknown or polygenic, identifying carriers can be difficult. Individuals which repeatedly

produce traits like hip dysplasia, epilepsy or thyroid disease should be pulled from further breeding because of the serious and

debilitating nature of those diseases. But their relatives may be used if care is taken to select mates unlikely to carry the same

defect. If at any point an individual proved to be a repeat producer of the defect, it could then be removed from the breeding

program.
 
Many faults are variable in expression. This includes such genetic defects as hip dysplasia (HD) and missing teeth. In

Clumber Spaniels, where HD was once almost universal, elimination of all affected animals was not an option if the breed was

to be preserved. By selecting away from the most severely affected dogs, Clumber breeders have managed to improve their

overall situation, producing more non-dysplastic dogs and fewer which are severely affected, even though HD is still common.

A similar situation has occurred with Collies and Collie Eye Anomaly.
 
In the case of missing teeth, a fault common to show line Australian Shepherds, something similar could be done. There are

sufficient quality dogs available with full dentition that dogs missing multiple teeth ought not to be bred. However, those

missing one or two teeth could be bred to mates with full dentition which are out of families with full dentition. Twenty years

ago, missing teeth in Aussies were almost unheard of. Twenty years from now the situation could be to nearly its starting point

if breeders were conscientious about screening and mate selection--and none of the good traits those dogs have need be lost

along the way.
 
The overall size of a breeding population must be taken into account before making final decisions on whether a dog exhibiting

or carrying a defect ought to be bred. Australian Shepherds are numerous, but certain sub-sets of the breed are not. In North

America there are thousands of Aussies, but in other parts of the world populations typically number only a few hundred

breeding animals at best. Opportunities to add new stock are infrequent, especially in those countries with strict quarantine

laws and import restrictions. Even in North America a breeder's selection of potential mates may be limited if his breeding

goals are very specific, such as producing a particular type of stock dog.
 
In small populations, breeders may have no choice but to use some defective animals. The only alternative is to resort to

increased inbreeding which will narrow the available gene pool even further and bring other, possibly worse, defects to the fore.

If defective dogs are to be used, breeders should take special care to avoid subsequently in-breed on those dogs. Neither

should such a dog be bred extensively. Among its offspring, only those which do not exhibit the defective trait should be

considered for further breeding.
 
If breeders approach genetic disease with an objective eye and if they are honest with themselves and each other about the

potential for producing genetic diseases and defects in any given cross, they can obtain healthy babies while the bath water

full of bad genes drains slowly away.